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When you stroll around your favorite city, what do you notice about its architecture? Its famous landmarks? The beautiful greenery among the towering skyscrapers? Or perhaps the lively and inviting public spaces? These elements certainly grab our attention, but that's not all there is. See, bars on benches and spikes on window sills are also a part of the urban landscape, and it’s put in place to control how the environments are used.

There are many things that influence how we feel in our surroundings that we almost never notice. But unfortunately, such aggressive measures are more common than you may think, according to the eye-opening Twitter account titled 'Hostile Design'. The creator of this page collects pictures that show the dire reality of how public spaces target the houseless and don’t actually do any good to the public.

If you’re unsure of what we mean, then take a look at the compilation of pictures we gathered from the account. Just to warn you though, it’s one of those things that once you learn about it, you start seeing it everywhere. Keep reading to also find in-depth interviews with the founder of this page and public space researcher Cara Chellew. Upvote the examples that stunned you most, and if you've ever detected cases of hostile design in your own city, be sure to let us know about them in the comments below.

Psst! More urban madness can be found in our earlier post right here.

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Michelle Line
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

I understand homeless and homeless camps are undesirable and can be problematic, but a lack of compassion is not the answer.

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For some time now, the concept of hostile design (or defensive design) has been at the center of a complex and heated debate, as people and advocates who use these public spaces have started documenting examples they encountered. These design features are made to intentionally exclude, harm, or hinder the freedom of human beings. Whether they target loitering teens, skateboard enthusiasts, or houseless individuals, they’re designed to remove a certain part of the community from a public space.

To gain insight from an expert in the field, we reached out to Cara Chellew, a public space researcher, writer, and PhD student in Urban Planning, Policy & Design at McGill University. She is also the founder of the Defensive Urbanism Research Network, as well as defensiveTO, a site aimed to shed light on how defensive urban design influences how we interact with public spaces. When it comes to terminology, Chellew prefers to use the word "defensive" to describe this design and spatial management strategy "because it defends space against unwanted use."

"This term includes objects like planter boxes that are installed in doorways to prevent people from seeking refuge but are not inherently hostile. Defensive urbanism can create hostile environments," she told Bored Panda. "Of course, some design is inherently hostile like spikes installed on ledges to keep people from sitting."

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Cecilia Herrera
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1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

Uncomfortable people will not linger and talk with their friends. So, less tables are needed because they will be vacated quickly. Does anyone besides me notice that the short people, be they children or short adults, must prop their feet on the table framework in order to not slide off their uncomfortable seat?! What about people with knee or other leg problems? Did anyone consider them? Is this design a direct violation of the ADA? Shame on the designer, and shame on the people that allowed these table / bench combinations to be set up on their premise.

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According to Chellew, defensive or hostile urbanism uses elements in the built environment to guide or restrict behaviors in urban space. "The behaviors targeted are those that are associated with people who use and rely on public space the most, like people who are unhoused and youth. Many of the behaviors targeted for people that are unhoused are essential for their survival — sleeping, going to the washrooms, finding food, panhandling, etc."

Chellew pointed out that these measures are what makes the practice especially cruel. "It does nothing to address the widespread problem of housing affordability and lack of free mental health and addiction supports. Defensive/hostile design attempts to displace people who need help rather than creating spaces that could support human wellbeing."

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Esha
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1 year ago (edited) DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

The city should take responsibility and do something about the problem.

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Pterodactyl in Disguise
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1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

Isn’t that a railing, isn’t it’s intended purpose to be to have people lean and or hold onto it??!?!

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We also managed to get in touch with the creator of 'Hostile Design', Kristi, who was kind enough to chat with us about the background of their social media project and its community. When asked what inspired them to launch the page in the first place, Kristi explained that people have been documenting Savehostile design for years. "I’m just highlighting what people find. I’m not an expert in any way, shape or form," they said.

Even though the account was created only last month, it has already gained a strong foothold on the platform. With over 89K followers, the page is the perfect outlet for people to contribute with their own examples and participate in meaningful discussions surrounding the matter. "The followers all seemed as annoyed about this behavior in public design as I am."

"It’s only been a few weeks [but] I probably have 200 message requests right now," Kristi explained how many submissions the followers send over. Although it may seem like a high number, the founder said it’s quite easy for them to manage the account. "Open a DM, save the photo, credit it to the user, post."

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Hostile design seems to flourish in the big cities around the globe, as supporters say it’s sometimes necessary to put an end to unwanted behavior. But opponents, activists, and academics who spend time researching these measures call it an inhumane practice as it targets specific sections of the community, especially the houseless.

When asked Kristi to share their own opinion about this, they were completely against it. "You should remove as many bench handles as you can when you see them in public. If you see pointless instructions under a bridge or spikes on top of a fire hydrant, you should remove them if possible. Again, I’m not an expert on this stuff. There are academics doing research that are far better at explaining the history and flaws."

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Bella10
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1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

I don’t disagree with this. My local public toilet is a haven for drug users and used as a beat.

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3 Owls In A Coat
Community Member
1 year ago (edited) DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

I think this is an American post where your public toilets are normally free, yes? (Very different culture in some other countries)

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Thorsten Massow
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

Living in Germany, this is a normal sight. The positive sideeffect of this is, that you actually can use these, because they are clean. There usually is a person paid for cleaning them.

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Tams21
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

I know these from Germany too but I've often found them filthy and stinking. Granted they were inner city but if I'm going to pay 2 euros to use a toilet, that's not okay.

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Danish Dynomummy
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

They've been doing that for years where I come from. Also, in some of our public toilets that doesnt cost money you have to send a text and then get a code to enter in return. Pretty clever, because they will know who was there if destroyed

abrig85 avatar
frosty_pigeon
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

i understand why you need to pay, but they could've made it look nicer and less like a prison cell.

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Grace and Lucy
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

In the US women's bathroom stalls charged a dime to use. This was back in the 1950 and 60s.

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Verena Abt
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

I guess maintaining it and keeping the toilets clean isn't exactly free, either.

joop avatar
joop
Community Member
1 year ago (edited) DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

And it's a rotten job. That's why we have so little. I work for a govt. We had to plan a bike route. Hey there are almost no toilets on this route. Oh who cares. They can bother a restaurant or pee in the bushes. Else it's gonna cost us a load and someone has to keep em clean.

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Colin Timp
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

There's good reason for this. If you've ever had to clean a public toilet, you know why.

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Summer Mason
Community Member
1 year ago (edited) DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

Wtf. "Rolls eyes at the government her father worked for" land of the free my a*s.

ayeshakhadija avatar
Esha
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

Even though you're paying for it its probably nasty inside.

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Michelle Line
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

We had pay toilets in the 70's when I was a child (here in the US). Cost a dime. We just crawled underneath.

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Jaya
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

In my country (Netherlands) it is quite common to have to pay for public toilets that are in train stations, festivals, places like McDonalds. Bars do it in a variety of ways: they're generally free for customers, I guess about half of them charge non-customers, half are free to non-customers, and some don't allow non-customers at all. I personally don't mind paying for it, it takes money for cleaning and maintenance. I do hate places that won't allow non-customers even if they wanna pay for it. Not being able to find a toilet is a big problem for people with small bladders.

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K. Anderson
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

Yes I saw in Amsterdam tho I thought it was weird that we still had to pay when eating at a sit down restaurant. I assumed customers would not have

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Doug
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

This is very very common in Europe. A pain when you get off the train and don't have change in the local currency. But; overall, I support it - it pays to keep public toilets much cleaner!

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Alethia Nyx
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

Common in some places. Keeps them maintained. The problem is if they're coin operated, and you don't have change on you!

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F C
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

In Belgium and some places in nl you almost always have to pay. It's supposed yo keep drug users and homeless out, who then just pee in public place so it stinks of pee.

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Big Chungus
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

I have seen this in other countries before. They use the money to help pay staff to keep bathrooms clean.

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K. Anderson
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

I would rather this than no public toilet or a dirty one that drug users live in

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Angharad Eatough
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

This is unhelpful. In Australia (in Sydney) i have never seen this, but I have in other countries. If you are busting to go the loo and you don't happen to have coins on you, then you might as well just go in your pants. This is also not stopping drug users from using the bathrooms, all they have to do is have coins on them. It's really only unhelpful for homeless people, if they don't have the money to afford it, they end up just doing it in public, and then signs go up saying you can't do their business there. WHERE THE HECK ARE THEY SUPPOSED TO GO THEN?! going to the toilet is literally a basic necessity. This is just unhelpful.

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Altea
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

very common in Europe. If it serves to give someone a job I don't see the problem

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Viv Hart
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

It always did, you put a coin in a slot, that's where the expression 'Spend a Penny' came from.

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Seadog
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

I get this but sometimes you gotta go, NOW, and having to deal with this is enough of a bottle neck to turn things into a disaster. Aside from that, this looks like a mall. It's not bad enough that newer malls only install 1 bathroom and often place it in obscure, out of the way, back hall locations, now they make you pay too. Here's a suggestion, stop building indoor malls, let stores go back to being independent out door shops and have their own bathroom that they can grant or deny use of.

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Coral Rippin
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

They cost money here anyway,,,,,always have done. It used to be 2p to pee lol

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Ronnie Beaton
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

I happened to visit the gents toilet at my local bus station a couple of days ago. The lock on the cubicle was broken. There were several empty beer cans and vodka bottles littering the floor. There were also half a dozen unopened cans of soup, two bags of pasta, and a half a box of cereal. Presumably a shoplifter had dumped their haul before the store security caught up with them.

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Iara Ra
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

I saw this at both Munich train station and Gare de l’Est in Paris. Ridiculous, a shame.

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Kathy Manning
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

A better solution seen in New Zealand.....a free, open 24hrs single toilet adjacent to a block of pay toilets. hosed out each day, when the other toilets are cleaned. This helps everyone. We all need to eliminate every day, sometimes many times. If a toilet is not provided then ....watch where you tread! The squat toilets in Asia and some parts of the Middle East are considered normal....they would make you heave.....so I think any type of flush toilet is a definite improvement.

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Naughty panda
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

Get ready for this location to smell like pee n poop who wins in that situation.... Nobody

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Jo Kidd
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

Whilst I understand that cleaning solutions cost,drug users lurk&the like..How does this look to visitors to the country.

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Ronda News Channel
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

In my country Indonesia toilet in public services are normally free. There are also privately run toilets (pay toilet) in some places.

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Bad_Wolf
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

This needs to happen. People are gross to public bathrooms. It’s a shared area. Have some care that someone has to use it after you.

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Magpie
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

And you'd never get a wheel chair through that gate :(((((

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bruh JJ’s
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

But you all know that the homeless will just go somewhere else right? This is a waste of money

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Hecate109
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

In Austria they have elderly ladies attending the public restrooms. (I'm not sure about the men's restrooms.) The ladies keep it clean and tidy and hurry out the 'stragglers.'

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John Smith
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

What do you mean "now cost money"? The ones round were I live and work have always charged for toilets. That is why everyone uses the McDonalds instead.

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A.
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

Nothing wrong w/ that as long as the money taken in goes to paying janitor's salaries.

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René Sauer
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

*lol* that would be normal in germany. I was actually rather surprised that the toilets in our relatively new (2016) mall are free to use!

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Mario Strada
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

Actually, that was pretty normal when I was growing up in Italy. In some places they had someone collecting the money (and clean, change the rolls, etc.). Not a popular job.

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Leslie Donsen
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

I can remember women's bathrooms in the U.S. having toilets that required a 25 cent payment for use. They were the 'clean' stalls.

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Ka Se
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

At my home city they also changed free toilets into paid ones. I hate it and now the people are pissing nearly everywhere else.

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Kipper
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

That's where the saying "spend a penny" comes from.....

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I'm.Just.A.Girl
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

We have had to resort to using a code for our bathrooms at work. I live in the Pacific Northwest.. more specifically.. an hour north of Seattle. That way we can monitor who we give the code to. It doesn't prevent theft from happening.. or drug use.. but it has cut down the issues considerably. But paying to use a restroom is something I've never seen so it seems harsh to me. What if a child has a bathroom emergency? Please don't downvote me for this. I do think it is a solution that works, but it falls into the category of paying for a cup of water for me.

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Bubbles and sparks
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

In Spain I've never had to pay to use the toilet, nowhere. Now, as my former motherland was the Netherlands, I was used to pay for toilet use, so when I really need to go to the toilet and the next best thing is a bar, I'll pay but they usually refuse.

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T'Mar of Vulcan
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

Had to use the bathroom at Camden Market. Used my credit card since I had no cash. Went back to the hotel and checked how much it cost. It was like 40p in sterling but in rands it was SEVEN. It cost me SEVEN RAND to pee! SEVEN RAND!!!

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Tammie Braggs
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

People paid to enter public toilets in the U.S until the 70s. They were a lot cleaner then.

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Sandra Givens
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

Decades ago, women used to need a dime to pee in many toilets, even in some department stores and restaurants (men could use urinals for free). This led to sending a small child under the door to unlock it, or else peeing yourself while you tried to find someone to give you a dime in exchange for the nickels and pennies in your purse. While most US toilets are still free by law, some states like Ohio have repealed those laws, making it possible we will once again see little kids squatting in the bushes because mom or dad doesn't have the right change. And yes, I get that electronic payments are possible, but not everyone has that option. Everyone needs a place to go though.

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Got Myself 4 Pandas
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

I don't mind paying for public toilets, it's usually about 20p but they're generally better quality and in some places have showers so covers costs for that even though just a fraction of people use them, but gives homeless people a place to thoroughly clean themselves for a very low price

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Tiggy Darling
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

Same as many in the UK. Lots have a one way gate to get out. They usually open when an inviable light beam on the inside of the toilets is broken . I just dangle a coat/bag over the gate and break the beam then enter for free.

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NamiKoa
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

I generally think it's thoughtless to have public restrooms cost money. I'd say our taxes should be able to cover the odd restroom to enable people without the budget to relieve themselves and maybe wash up a little with a modicum of dignity. My favorite thing is: in my home town there are public restrooms in a park - the men can go free but women have to pay because they know men would just pee anywhere otherwise. Ridiculously unfair.

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joop
Community Member
1 year ago (edited) DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

LOL We have those urinals for men and nothing for women. So a woman peed on the street, got a fine, went to court and the judge said she could have used a urinal. Then we had the protest pee woman, which also means a woman who nags and complains a lot. https://www.debeeldunie.nl/stock-photo-nederland-amsterdam-vrouw-voert-actie-zeikwijf-na-uitspraak-rechter-reportage-image00201796.html

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Heather Talma
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1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

Cool, so anyone with a disability which requires them to use the bathroom immediately can just die then, that's what they're saying.

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Will Cable
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

Part of me wishes people would put c**p in a bag and empty right by there to prove a point but it would be so unfair on those who would have to clean the mess up as the money grabbing leeches of society continue in their way of fleece everyone for every penny

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joop
Community Member
1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

You either pay for it yourself or let the whole society pay for it with taxes.

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Speaking of the biggest faults of defensive design features, Chellew said they create public spaces that are hostile to us all. "For example, the most common form of defensive urbanism in North American cities is the absence or removal of public amenities that make public spaces comfortable for people to use — benches, public washrooms, places of shelter and shade."

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"When these public amenities are removed or omitted for fear of misuse or 'loitering', it affects how everyone can use and access the space," she added. "It especially makes it difficult for people who are elderly, people with disabilities, people with chronic illness, families with young children, etc. to navigate the city and access public space."

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Misterscooter
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1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

You see this in cities a lot to keep people out of private yards. Often in older parts of the city. Looks better than barbed wire, for sure. In New Orleans, it deters the drunk tourists from using your yard as a toilet.

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While there seems to be a number of reasons these public spaces get designed in a way that doesn’t actually serve the public, Kristi said the main goal is to keep out "the undesirables". "This doesn’t just include the houseless but also the working class that might need to loiter for a bit waiting on public transportation or resting between shifts. It’s a way to keep people always on the move instead of having public spaces that are inviting and welcoming. And a city that keeps its houseless away is a city that can pretend it doesn’t have any."

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Alexandria Z
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1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

First time a firemen gets cut on one of these bet there will be hell to pay.

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William Bass
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1 year ago (edited) DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

OMG! That's the exact bench that I was about to post! It's the one on 39th Ave. In my hometown of Portland OR.

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The recurring examples of hostile design are not to say designers and architects themselves are encouraging it — that’s rarely the case. As Chellew told us, it happens because cities and private developers are looking for quick-fix solutions. "If there are complaints that people are sleeping on benches it is easier to put center bars on benches rather than looking at why people have to sleep on benches in the first place."

If we want to see change and create public spaces that would feel inviting to all, "we must also address the lack of affordable housing and lack of free mental health and addiction supports," she explained. "It is all interconnected."

Chellew said the use of defensive design to govern public spaces is a political and ethical decision. "Policy must be changed at the municipal or even provincial or state level to prohibit design and management approaches that are meant to make spaces less accessible and more uncomfortable." 

"People can engage with their local political representatives through requesting meetings or creating petitions. In addition, professionals like planners, designers, and architects must take a stand against the practice as unethical as it does not promote the public good," she concluded. 

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Lutz Herting
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1 year ago (edited) DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

Come on. These are clearly to help get up from a particularly low bench. Benches that low can be a serious problem for the elderly or other people with mobility issues. This page is getting more ridiculous the farther you scroll down...

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Michelle Line
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1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

I'm not seeing the hostility here. You sit in the bottom of a curve and it deters a stranger from sitting right next to you. If someone does sit next to you on the top of a curve, then you know to get the helloutta there.

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Bella V
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1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

This one is stupid, first off, it looks too narrow to lay down any how and PLENTY of space in-between to sit.

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Misterscooter
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1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

My guess on this is that sitting on a semi-temporary barrier along a roadside is not very safe.

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Misterscooter
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1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

Let's see. Rain drains better, less muddy to walk on and not slippery. Oh, and skateboarders won't take up the space. And since we can't see what's around this space, who knows what the purpose is here.

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1 year ago DotsCreated by potrace 1.15, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2017

? I want to see the rest of the surrounding park, because this reminds me of a bench for sit-ups like can be found on a exercise circuit at my local park.

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Note: this post originally had 36 images. It’s been shortened to the top 35 images based on user votes.