32 Facts About The Middle Ages That Are 100% True Despite Being Quite Weird
Interview With ExpertEven if you have the most basic historical knowledge, you are probably aware of the period called the Middle Ages. Sadly, many think that it was a very dull time, which is very far from the truth. How could such a long period be tedious? So many things happened during it!
Generally, the whole era is quite misrepresented. Well, let's take this list and Medieval expert's observations as a chance to educate ourselves a little bit today, shall we?
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A proper education was difficult to come by during medieval times, so if women wanted to receive a higher education, they had to join a convent. This led to the fact that many of the earliest female intellectuals were nuns. For example, Sister Juliana Morell is believed to be the first woman in the Western world ever to earn a university degree.
Royal women could be the exception: Catharine of Aragon and Elizabeth I were well-educated.
These were Early Moderns, but if you want a Medieval gal who knew how to work a room: Eleanor of Aquitaine, two husbands, a few strategically placed lovers, a whole province taken in divorce, and grew up in the highly intellectual court of her father, mother of more than one king of England. I read a few biographies about her in the 90's.
Load More Replies...Catherine and Elizabeth were not medieval. They were Renaissance. Medieval ended in 1450. Noble medieval women might receive education, but totally dependent on male whim. Aethelflaed is a better example.
Hildegard von Bingen was another superb example. Writer, philosopher, gifted composer, even something of a scientist, by 12th century standards
Medieval books were made of parchment -- a writing material made from specially prepared untanned skins of animals. Preparation of a single skin was done by a professional parchmenter, and it took weeks, which was one of the reasons why books were so expensive at that time.
Nothing like settling down with a mug of tea and a good fleshy novel at the end of the day
If you're hungry you can just have a nibble of your book.
Load More Replies...Books of the Hebrew Bible are still written that way today! I know. I was s scribe for many years.
Parchment lasts a lot longer than a lot of kinds of paper, which is why we still have well-preserved books from the middle ages. In the 18th century, paper was often made from cotton rags, and rag paper also lasts really well. Unfortunately, most of the paper we use today is from wood pulp. It contains acids that eventually begin to eat up the paper. That's why books you've owned for more than 10 or 20 years turn yellow and the pages start to crumble. Our books are far less long-lasting today than they were in the past.
That's why scribes and monks used penknives, both to sharpen the quill and to scrape off mistakes.
And vellum was made from sheep skins, thus diplomas being referred to as sheepskins for quite some time
Salt was very valuable in the Middle Ages, and, sometimes, it was referred to as "white gold." And since it was so valuable, roads were built specifically for transporting it. One of the most famous of these roads was the Old Salt Route in Northern Germany.
True, but this was older than the Middle Ages. Comes from "salarium", the term for the amount of salt Roman soldiers received as payment.
Load More Replies...I thought Roman soldiers were paid in salt? They were worth their salt.
Where I lived in Winchester, the next road was called Salters Lane. When we gardened we found lots of oyster shells. We reckoned that the salt trains came through and camped where our garden was since oysters were the food of the poor then.
True-ish. It was extremely important - indispensable for food preservation - and thus the salt *trade* was valuable, but it was a commodity and not that expensive per se (there were exceptions- some crazy local salt taxes, high transport costs depending on location etc) but it wasn't like pepper, for example. Basically everyone depended on salt. One price I saw was for London in 1438, where 2 pints of salt cost between 1/8 and 1/4 of a day's pay for a craftsman, maybe a day's pay for a labourer, or about the price of maybe 4 pints of beer.
Up until 1974 the County of Cheshire in England had a long 'arm' that extended up the Longdendale Valley to the Pennines, many miles away from current boundaries. Apparently this was due to Salt trading routes and the lucrative taxes the county would collect. So salt has been very important for a very long time
You could often tell somebody's status at a dinner in the Middle Ages based on where they sat at the table in relation to the salt cellar. If you were "above" the salt, you were higher status than if you were seated "below" the salt. (Above and below referred to the head and the foot of the table.)
There are many roads in Italy called Via Salaria, most notably the one that unites Rome with adriatic sea. They are called so because were primarily built for carrying the salt.
The word for navigation in Arabic comes from the root of salt. Because you nagivated to distant lands to get the salt. And WE just douse our popcorn and french fries in it.
The Middle Ages, or medieval times, was a period in history that lasted approximately from 500 to 1500 AD. This interesting historical period brought the world major developments whose influence is felt even today.
And so, to talk about it, Bored Panda got in touch with Tim Eveland, who has been studying the medieval ages on his own and in university for over 10 years. He also has a blog, “The Medieverse,” related to the subject.
Speaking of studying the Middle Ages in university, our interviewee said that many people aren’t aware that it’s a whole separate field from history. Many universities around the world have a medieval studies department. Typically, students in these programs study medieval historical events more closely than general history students.
Sadly, in many universities, these departments are underfunded. For instance, at the University of Victoria, where Tim studied, this department might be shut down soon as it's deemed not important enough.
Charlemagne, a medieval emperor who ruled much of Western Europe from 768 to 814, is now sometimes referred to as the father of Europe. But he is not only the father of Europe -- he was a father to as many as 18 children of his own. Reportedly, he was a devoted father who encouraged his children’s education and loved his daughters so much that he didn’t let them marry while he was alive.
His name translates to Charles the Great, or Charles the Large, depending on the source. My Latin teacher called him 'Big Chuck'.
That's a damn good teacher. I loved it when my history teachers enjoyed knowing intricacies and teaching them, acting like they were chummy with historical figures. I'll be referring to Charlemagne as 'Big Chuck' now.
Load More Replies...I don’t think it’s a great proof of love to prevent her daughters from getting married, unless none of them wanted to
Keep in mind, it's the middle ages. People did NOT get married for love, but for alliances. Them marrying by will is basically unthinkable anyway because he was a king, so treating his daughters like humans and not diplomatic tools, ergo never letting them get married, is actually the nicest thing he could have done for them.
Load More Replies...He is also called the father of Europe because a huge percentage of people of European descent are actually his descendants! (Once you go back a thousand years or more, pretty much everybody on earth is descended from some form of royalty, and Charlemagne is a great example of this.)
My guess is that he wanted to protect them from the pain of court intrigues, marrying men who would only use them to gain access to power they might not have had otherwise, etc.
Amongsy many other innovations he standardised writing, magiform is the commonest script used in illumunated manuscripts,can't quite remember the lesser form but my brain is saying miniform and was used for general notation as it was quicker.
Probably he didn't let his daughters marry as their offspring had a claim to the throne. It's a nice thought that he "loved them so much", but more likely, it was a dynastic issue. (Several of his daughters did have illegitimate children.)
In the Middle Ages, metal sewing needles were owned only by the richest of women. Those who couldn’t afford them used needles made from natural materials: bone, boar bristles, wood, and so on.
I have a modern book of leather stitching instructions that shows how to sew with boar bristles. A boar bristle is quite a substantial, stiff thing.
when it comes to pigs and boars the old saying of 'everything is used but the squeal is correct.
Load More Replies...It is so very satisfying to read how lucky I am. Not only do I own a sewing machine but also needles and pins galore.
The very thin bone of a chicken leg (not the main bone) was also often used through the ages.
Since the 13th century, animals, including insects, could be tried and convicted for crimes. If found guilty, they were sentenced to death. In such trials, there used to be human witnesses and even lawyers (in ecclesiastical courts).
I forego the formalities and just carry out the death penalty.
Load More Replies...There is a wonderful case of a rat colony that was tried for destroying the grain reserves of a convent. The accusation was rolled up, smeared in lard and deposited in the nest as a notification. When the rats failed to show up at the trial (duh), the court's appointed defense lawyer successfully argued that, since the document was directed to "all and every single rat", the prosecution had failed to notify all rats, and asked for postponing the trial until evidence that "all and every single rat" had been notified. Later, he went on a diatribe about how the "industrious rats" were more hardworking than the friars of the convent. The judge declared a mistrial.
In the old Jewish system, any animal that killed a human was to be killed.
Isn't that still the case though? Hundreds of animals in national parks are killed every year because some tourist got to close and was hurt. Dogs can get put down if they bite, Harambe was killed as a precaution because he *might* hurt somebody, etc.
Load More Replies...To make a few examples of cases I know: they executed an elephant for rampaging, a sow for eating a child, and a wolf because it supposedly killed people.
As I recall they acquitted the sow's piglets on account of their young age and the mother's bad influence.
Load More Replies...The church, as usual, showing off their logical thinking and their willingness to solve all those important problems in life.
I think many flies and mosquitos were found guilty but their death sentence was commuted to transportation to Australia
This is too funny! How did they get insects to stick around for the trial?
I never give mosquitoes a chance to plea. They are pressed to death with large fingers.
This lack of education about the Middle Ages leads to scary consequences. For example, people associate medieval pagan symbols with modern racist groups. As Tim said, “Today, we see alt-right political groups commandeering medieval symbols, such as pagan devices and the Templar cross, to strengthen their arguments, and they obviously don't know what these symbols actually mean.”
Generally, people tend to imagine the Middle Ages quite inaccurately. Typically, the images of knights, swords, horses, and other similar things come to mind.
Our interviewee Tim pointed out that the media people consume shapes how they understand the medieval period: “Unless someone is taking the time to study the real Middle Ages on their own, it's really easy to assume the stuff you're reading in fiction, the stuff you're seeing on TV, and the stuff you're doing in video games might have some historical sense to it.”
During the Black Death, so many sheep died that Europe experienced a wool shortage.
Did the plague affect sheep as well? I looked it up and the answer is yes; it affected all kinds of livestock. Heck, it also killed the rats everyone blames for spreading the disease. Then the plague fleas would hop off their corpses and find new hosts to infect.
The irony is that the Black Death provided opportunities for people to earn more money and become more upwardly mobile There was an enormous shortage of labour, so if the lord of the manor still wanted to have the kind of revenue off his lands, he had to pay his workers more or else they would go someplace else and his grain would rot on the fields.
Load More Replies...The plague, the black death, Yersinia pestis, is still around, and is killing people in Madagascar, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Arizona.
Where did you get the infos abour Arizona and the Sub Saharean? i Onlny know about Madacascar and there it's been like 600 deaths since 2010 from the black death. I bet more peope died from a heart attack than from Black death in that Time.
Load More Replies...It's because medieval priests considered cats agents of the devil and slaughtered them wholesale. Without cats, the rats flourished, along with the fleas carrying the bacteria that caused the plague.
Between the years 1315 and 1322, western Europe suffered from incredibly heavy rainfall – up to 150 days of rain at a time. This made farmers struggle to plant, grow, and harvest crops, which meant that the staple food, bread, was in peril. Combined with brutally cold winter weather, around 10-15% of people in England died during this period.
The Great Famine may have been precipitated by a volcanic event and occurred during the Little Ice Age. The hungry and weakened population were more susceptible to the Black Death, which came shortly afterwards.
Load More Replies...A lot of the more gruesome fairy tales come from this time. I think (but could be wrong) Hansel and Gretal is from this time when people resorted to canabilsm in order to survive
Up to the Tudor/Elizabethan ages (1485 – 1603), swans used to be eaten by the aristocracy. Their popularity as a dish ended when all swans in England were declared the property of the monarch.
The monarch has the right to claim ownership to any mute swan – the all-white, orange-beaked version – in the open waters of Britain, but in practice they exercise this right only in the Thames around Windsor. There are three organisations who can also own swans, thanks to historic grants.
Every year a ceremony called 'swan upping' takes place. All the swans on the river Thames are counted and declared the property of the monarch. It's a substantial ceremony, performed by people in boats wearing a kind of livery with the current monarch's cipher.
Load More Replies...There was also a gentleman named P.I. Staker who phoned the Sanford, Gloucestershire police department to help retrieve his wayward swan. RDkUars__4...bc2927.jpg
For what? Swans are not really edible. I mean, they are not pisonous, but the meat is scarce and tough. (A few years ago a swan was stolen from a pond. The caretaker in the park told me that he didn't understand the motivation of the thief. He told me that swans are not edible because of the aforementioned reasons.)
They are, but they're gamey, and can almost taste fishy. Mostly lean, dark meat. It's legal to hunt and eat swans in some U.S. states (mostly western), but hunters must apply for special licenses. The taboo comes from swan being the purview of royalty in England, and later the U.K. Swans are eaten in several Asian countries, where the taboos and superstitions don't exist. Trumpeter and black swans are not part of England's royal exclusion. Trumpeters are native to the Americas; black swans are native to Australia, though both are now found on several continents. Mute swans are Eurasian, and also found in Africa.
Load More Replies...Not all swans. All *unmarked mute swans* swimming in open waters.
Once a person takes time to study the period, they can clearly see how misrepresentative certain media can be. Tim gave an example – the myth that the Vikings wore horned helmets. This idea dates back to 19th-century opera, when opera singers wore them likely because they saw some kind of artistic illustration. Then, films in the early 20th century carried this misconception on.
Nowadays, due to textual and archaeological evidence, we know that Vikings never wore horns on their helmets. So, we have Vikings in TV shows wearing mascara and raw leather armbands instead. Yet, the situation isn’t inherently better. “While we no longer see horned helmets, the problem doesn't seem to be getting any better, and every time someone working in media invents a new misconception, it has the chance to lead their viewers astray.”
The Vikings’ helmets aren’t the only misconception about the Middle Ages. Here, Tim also gave some examples. This time, it’s fire arrows and sword-fighting techniques used in movies: "Fire arrows did exist in the medieval period; however, they acted and looked much differently than fire arrows in movies."
In Medieval Europe, inflated pig bladders were used as early footballs. Eventually, the bladder started getting covered in leather so it would stay round for longer.
My brother blew up a pig bladder one time for us. We wanted to see if it worked because we read about it in the Little House books.
There were various punishments for criminals in the Middle Ages. Some of them might sound very weird and kind of terrifying today: apologizing while wearing a white sheet, wearing animal masks and humiliating badges, being suffocated in mud, and some others.
Sort of sounds like they made stuff up as they went. "Your punishment is uh...you have to listen to Baby Shark on repeat for 5 hours straight!"
Can I have the rack, instead?
Load More Replies...Judicial proceedings would be whole lot more fun and interesting. If you get caught speeding, instead of a fine, you might have to sing Mary had a Little Lamb 36 times while hopping on one foot. They could turn it into a reality show.
Proofs of innocence were strange too. There was a test where you had to say the Lord's Prayer in front of the court. Another one was to swear your innocence in front of all your animals. People of that time believed that God would grant animals the hability to speak before allowing a criminal from escaping justice.
Or you had to eat a very dry cake! If you choked on it, it meant that your mouth was dry because you were nervous because you were guilty, and if you ate it just fine, it meant that you knew you were innocent. People mock this today, but it is literally the same principle that modern lie detector tests work on (which is why lie detector test results are not allowed as evidence in court: they're BS).
Load More Replies...I'll never forget the punishment provided to someone who basically let the English in during the seige of a Scottish city who'd been promised all the gold he could carry, reputedly give to him molten and poured down his throat. The reason, I'm convinced, serial killers is a modern phenomenon is because, if you had the inclination before, you could readily get a job as an executioner or an inquisitor of some sort.
In the mid-14th century, both men and women wore shoes called crakow. They were named after the city Kraków in Poland. They also had other names, such as poulaine or pikes. The shoes were long, pointed, and spiked. Occasionally, these shoes were condemned by Christian writers of the time as demonic. Kings liked to tax them as luxuries, restricting their use to the nobility.
Used to kill rats and cockroaches in the corners of the rooms.
There were rules about how long pointy shoes should be, based on one's social status. Basically the higher was you social status, the longer was your shoe.
"In movies, fire arrows are massively deployed and used against personnel. In medieval times, fire arrows were used sparingly and were expensive to produce, and they weren't used against personnel per se but rather against buildings during riots or sieges."
Then, with the swords and their techniques, the situation is even worse. Tim revealed that he hasn't seen a movie where sword fighting has been presented accurately! “Actors use choreography, which is based on Olympic fencing and looks more akin to ballerina dancing than real medieval sword fighting.”
If a person wants to see a realistic sword fight, they can go see events of a sport called historical European martial arts (HEMA). If you watch any of their events, for instance, the Swordfish Tournament, and compare it to sword fights in Hollywood movies, the difference is clear as day.
During the Middle Ages, tattoos had several functions. Some of them were used as a form of punishment for criminals. Others were gotten by Christian pilgrims to show off their devotion and to commemorate their journey to holy sites. Some professions or people from certain social statuses also got tattoos. For example, knights would get tattooed to show their allegiance to a particular lord or kingdom, while sailors would commemorate their experiences at sea.
And all these lived up till the present century. There are typicall-jail-tattoos, typicall-sailor-tattoos and so on ...
the army unit tattoos and the pilgrim one is of course now the tattoo you got while on a holiday on a beach somewhere
Load More Replies...Palanquin bearer also had bodysuit tattoos. And fishermen had at least their backs full ink. Japan has a really interesting tattoo history.
Load More Replies...My uncle got a tattoo at the beginning of WWII. He was in the navy and he had a pig tattooed just about his knee. The saying went “pig on the knee, won’t die at .
The privileged class of the Middle Ages always wanted to flaunt their status through their belongings. Besides their money, they liked rare possessions that had to be sourced and transported from far away. These possessions included things such as brightly colored silk, spices, and exotic animals like monkeys, tropical birds, and tigers.
That doesn't changed. Rich dumbshíts are today also just some rich dumbshíts, a piece of art, you don't wanna know.
That kind of stuff blows me away. You'd think that SOME of the rich beyotches would forego that ostentatious display and just chill with their $$$.
Load More Replies...There's famous legend from middle ages relating to city of Brno. Apparently dragon once plagued the city and it's people, until someone hid caustic lime in animal skin as bait. Dragon ate it and it killed him. This legend may have a basis in a true event - apparently some nobleman was travelling and brought home exotic animal from Africa - a crocodile. But crocodile escaped and people, who never seen such an animal in their lives thought in was dragon.
Always a rational explanation. I really wish people would stop believing in myths and legends.
Load More Replies...not much different from the rich & privileged flaunting their wealth today then
The fact that people have tigers and other big cats as pets may save those species. As they are hunted to near extinction in the wild, it is good to know there are thousands of tigers living their best life as very well-cared-for pets. It needs to be said that those suffering in the hands of persons who can not properly care for them should be rescued and rehomed.
The term Dark Ages originated from Renaissance scholars who viewed ancient Greece and Rome as the most successful time period for humanity and looked down on the Middle Ages. They dismissed the latter period as a chaotic time of no great leaders, no scientific accomplishments, and no great art.
watch Waldemar Januszczak’s stunning art documentary on the so-called dark ages
I think you should fact check this. According to my medievalist teachers, the term comes from the fact there are very few written records for almost six centuries of history.
Also not a huge amount of historical documentation, compared with the historians of Greece and Rome.
I was always taught that the dark ages were referred to the dark ages, not because they were a negative time, but because the cultural shift on spirituality caused a lot of their many accomplishments and great works to go unreported. We have to piece together the history instead of having it written about by the people who experienced it. Is that wrong?
Francesco Petrarca (bna: Petrarch) is believed to have coined the term "Dark Ages" in the 14th century. I'm not one to disparage one of history's great poets and thinkers, but this is the classic "it was so good back in the old days" thinking.
The dark ages were truly dark, a time of low population and rampant violence. Art has nothing to do with it.
Not really. Modern scholarship tells us that the supposed 'Dark Ages' were no more violent than any other time period up to then.
Load More Replies...That’s what annoys Tim – why is Olympic fencing-based choreography used for medieval sword fights in movies if those that HEMA does not only look better but are also way more accurate? “In HEMA sporting events, they use synthetic armor, and not every little aspect about it can be 100% historically accurate, but it's a way better system for filmmakers to use to portray sword fights if they were willing to switch away from the ridiculous ballerina moves that we're used to seeing today.”
Thankfully, due to online discussions nowadays, many medieval misconceptions get debunked pretty quickly. Yet, Tim identified a bad side of this, too – the debunked theories are being replaced by even weirder ones. Well, the internet being a weird place isn’t a new thing, is it?
Well, if it weren't for the internet, our ability to find fascinating facts about the Middle Ages, like the ones in this list, would be limited. So, let’s enjoy this privilege, and let’s upvote the most interesting ones!
Medieval writers didn’t write down their texts themselves, as, at the time, writing or the work of a scribe was seen as a labor for not-so-clever people. So, writers used to dictate their thoughts to scribes.
Writing, particularly in pen and ink, is a completely different skillset. The scribe would prepare the writing material for use, prepare the ink, and also make the pens, which were made from the hard shafts of wing feathers that were specially heat treated in hot sand, and there's real skill in cutting them to form the nib of the pen. It was a skilled profession, but still a form of manual - as opposed to intellectual - labour.
And the intellectual would often have two or more scribes working at the same time. One would take over while the other would mend his pens, get more paper ready (sometimes scraping off ink on old pages), organize all the completed pages, etc.
Load More Replies...
In medieval England, eels were a currency. The transactions varied from single digits to tens of thousands of eels. Peasants would use this fish to pay for a variety of things, including their rent. Eels were described to be “somewhere in between a delicacy and an everyday item.” The reasons why the transactions of eels died down are unknown.
Well not that particular Eel which is a Tiger Snake Eel native to the Pacific.
Drop your panties Sir William, I cannot wait 'til lunchtime
Load More Replies...In Finland the similar currency was squirrel skins. Betting there's a zillion variations across the world on it
I think a big part of it is because we basically wiped them out through massive overfishing.
In the Medieval era, spectators of public executions hunted down artifacts associated with the condemned, for example, the hangman’s noose, which was believed to hold special powers. Sick people would wrap the ropes around their heads as a cure for headaches and fevers. Gamblers and cardsharps believed that owning a piece of a noose would keep them in good standing with Lady Luck.
They were also sold off after executions - hence the phrase "money for old rope".
Discworld again: "Would you mind signing the rope before hand sir" Obviously Moist can't sign it afterwards because he will be dead. The idea of the hangman getting money for old rope (the origin of the old expression) was common from the 1700s onward. The hangman was responsible for purchasing the rope and would take it from job to job. However pieces of rope from a hangman were worth money if the executed persons were famous such as a future saint or infamous such as a notorious murderer. In these cases the rope would be cut into one inch pieces and sold for a shilling a piece. Pieces of rope from a future martyr were believed to be imbued with spiritual and healing powers. The hangman could make quite a good living off old rope. (curtesy of https://discworld.fandom.com/wiki/Going_Postal) Terry Pratchett was a nearly endless well (or sinkhole) of trivia
I will never hear/see the words cardsharp or cardshark without thinking of Ross and Russ.
The rope makes sense to me as I apply pressure to my skull when I suffer from headaches and it relieves me.
Around 1000 A.D., bezoars (hardened, pearl-like clumps of indigestible matter that form in the stomach lining of animals) became known as mystical good luck charms in Europe and Asia. They were worn as protective amulets, mounted in gold settings, and believed to have curing powers, or to be more precise, to contain a small remnant of toxin that could serve as an antidote to poisons. They were also believed to help with dysentery and epilepsy. During the Black Death, they were even laid on the bodies of plague victims in the hope of curing their sores.
I need a banana for scale. This one looks massive, I wonder how it could form in the stomach lining of animals....
I have learnt, recently, that bezoars were carried by witch doctors for the purposes of murder. A bezoar placed in or near a dead body can absorb deadly bacteria from the rotting corpse, and hold those bacteria while transported for many miles.
Due to a mistranslation, medieval people commonly believed that the Bible likened Jesus to a unicorn, so a unicorn repeatedly popped up in religious medieval art.
I wonder if that's why it's the official animal coat of arms for Scotland?
That's because the unicorn is the natural enemy of the lion, which was on the coat of arms for England
Load More Replies...Much of the bible has been mistranslated. Scholars are continually making corrections. Of course no church will ever acknowledge the possibility of a mis-translation in their bible.
Imagine the mistranslation from 'Celebrate' to 'Celebate' caused over the centuries ...
Load More Replies...The unicorn is most commonly found in bestiaries and other illuminated manuscripts of the 12th and 13th centuries CE and is often depicted beside a young woman. Deriving from its association with purity and chastity, the medieval unicorn was believed to have a fondness for young maidens.
In the original Hebrew, the word is reym, which was a horned animal that no longer exists, probably an auroch. This became monokeros to the Greek translators, a mythical creature to them (probably based on sightings of rhinos), because they wanted to use something cool. This was translated as "unicornis" in Latin, which then became unicorn. (Tellingly, St. Jerome translated the word as "rhinocerous".) The unicorn in the Old Testament was depicted as strong and virile, and the "bridegroom king of Israel". Jesus, as the supposed successor of King David, was then associated with unicorns by the Church. Also, unicorns are pretty and special and look cool; much better image than a fish.
The unicorn was believed to be the strongest of all animals – wild and untamed, and that it could only be humbled by a virgin maiden. (www visitScotland.com) This is thought to be the reason for its association with Christianity.
that's an interesting take on unicorns. and here i was thinking that when it came to religion the unicorn was used because to find a person that actually read the bible and lives a true christian life is as rare as one of those creatures. (that's sarcasm - figured i better note that before some one clutches their pearls and replies that they are either going to pray for me or that i am so far gone that i better invest in asbestos britches.)
And considering that the Unicorn was the European reconstruction of an animal Afrcan explorers wrote about when they saw Rhinoceros', the allegory seems a bit odd...
In the Middle Ages, people used to host theater performances, trials, local elections, and many other social activities in cemeteries.
I bet people were just dying to get into those theater performances, trials, local elections, and many other social activities. (I'll see myself out...)
Secular drama wasn't really a thing in the Middle Ages in Western Europe as it was largely controlled by the Church ergo held in churchyards (at least the liturgical dramas until about 1200 CE). Those that did do secular drama were the histriones/ioculatores that were largely left over from the Roman Empire. Later the Mystery/Cycle plays of the Late Middle Ages were in stages via pageant wagons since cast size tended to be in the 100s.
Perfect if your comedy act dies on stage. Especially in the Tommy Cooper sense.
Possibly because in Cemetaries and such, the attendees wouldn't get bored and wander away...
Open space is rare commodity in a medieval city. Cemetery is one of those few. Also, this is where the parish church is. Local community gathers at a local community centre. Makes sense
In the Middle Ages, a disease called leprosy, now known as Hansen's disease, became visible in communities across England. It affects the skin, mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract, the peripheral nerves, and the eyes. Sometimes, during medieval times, it was referred to as the “living death,” as its victims were often treated as if they were already dead. Funerals were organized to declare those with the disease “dead” to society, and after this, relatives were allowed to claim their inheritance.
Leprosy is still present, it's not not like a nightmare-tale from 400-500 years ago. Even like 40 years ago there was an insel in the Danube Delta, what was only used as a care-facility for leprosy patients. In the 1st world countries is gone by now, but it is still present.
"In 2022, 136 leprosy cases were reported in the U.S., mostly in Florida, Texas, New York, California, Arkansas, Louisiana and Hawaii, according to the most recent data available through the National Hansen’s Disease Program in Baton Rouge, Louisiana" -Miami Herald, UPDATED MARCH 29, 2024
Load More Replies...There were Lazar houses installed near some churches, usually outside the town. Alms could be begged, but they were put on the ground some distance from them. If a group of lepers came near the edge of town to beg, they were required to shake clappers as warning to keep distant and cover their sores with bandages. They were restricted as to where they could beg. Since there was no knowledge of how it spread, and afflicted rich, poor, young and old, most townspeople knew or were related to lepers. Alms were fairly dispensed, as these were loved ones, no matter if they were *dead to the world*. Some friars or monks would tend the Lazar houses (named for Lazarus, whom Jesus raised from the dead). Burials were in consecrated ground near the Lazar houses. It was a separate and lonely existence. Alms were usually foodstuffs, clothing, bedding, and medicaments, as few wanted the money of a leper.
If you had leprosy, it was seen as a sign of moral corruption and therefore the leper had to be separated from his community before he spread this moral corruption to other members of the community. A disease was not just a disease; it was a sign that you had done something to offend God and were punished accordingly.
Leprosy bacilli are is related to tuberculosis bacilli, and its effects included sores and gangrene. It destroys nerve ends, so the people who have it cannot feel cuts and scrapes, and so are even more susceptible to gangrene. It is treatable using antibiotics, but nerve damage cannot be healed (though that may be changing).
In my country, one of the most common greetings from the past to these days is "terve!" which literally means healthy. So when you meet someone, you'll just announce that you're not carrying any diseases. Related, when you raise your hand to greet someone, it is to show that you are not carrying a weapon.
In Poland, the default toast when you're drinking is "to health" (na zdrowie).
Load More Replies...Noone dared to claim the throne of King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem.
Interesting choice for the pic. Doesn‘t he look like that British TV chef?
During the medieval period, the length of a man's shoes reflected his social status. So, to extend their shoes, some men used materials like whalebone.
I guess the correlation between foot size & other body part sizes was a thing back then too.
I find it rather amusing that these days wearing long shoes has become a fashion statement among well-dressed men all over again.
I'll bet you could swim the English channel with just your bare feet. Those are some flippers, son. 😂
Load More Replies..."The medieval period" is a really unhelpful term. It effectively spans a thousand years (500CE to 1500CE), and even if you're only looking at western Europe, that's a lot of territory, and fashions were not universal. So the fashion for poulaines, or pointy shoes, lasted in various forms for approximately a 100 years, from the late 1300s to the late 1400s.
I learned about a lot of this from the SCA. Most people wear medieval European clothes, but they allow you to go back to the beginning of written history, so I'm Roman & Greek in the summer in Florida.
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Some scholars prefer the term medieval instead of the Middle Ages because the latter makes the period sound like it was unimportant.
it's the same word ... derived from Latin "medium aevum" (middle ages) and suffix -al. as we say in France, c'est tortiller du cul pour chier droit. untranslatable :p
The trouble will be, in 2000 years (if humans survive), it won't be the middle - and we, now, will be the Middle age.
We can't call it the Middle Ages or the Dark Ages....because modern scholars are afraid to hurt the feelings of those that have been dead for 1000 years
Scholars want to emphasize that important and praiseworthy things happened in the middle ages, and that they are thus worthy of study (and justify their own careers. No judgment: as a scholar in an unusual area your first task ends up being justifying studying it in the first place. I had to do a lot of that when I studied fan fiction in a literature program...)
Load More Replies...Me too, and we were learning about witch hunting and justice by ordeal at the time, so it made perfect sense to my kid brain
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In 1314, football was officially banned in England by more than 30 royal and local laws. This was due to complaints by London merchants to King Edward II of England about “great noise in the city caused by hustling over large balls from which many evils may arise which God forbid[s].”
Could have done with some fact-checking! There was a ban in London in 1314. The "more than 30 laws" refers to attempts at bans at different times over the next few hundred years (it wasn't that 1314 was some crazy anti-football year). As to what the game was like, for the 14th century we really don't know, but the Royal Shrovetide Football Match, played every year in Derbyshire, England, gives an idea of what the game was probably like in the late medieval/ early modern era.
I'm thinking it was closer to Rugby football. However, rules were probably loose and local. A man from one county would probably not know the rules the next county over. Pretty sure ale was plentiful everywhere!
Load More Replies...I believe it was called poor boys fun and some apprentice contracts explicitly banned the playing of it
In medieval times, mirrors weren’t as reflective as they are now, so people went their lives only having a hazy idea of what they looked like. Also, mirrors were considered luxury items and were owned mainly by upper-class women.
People did have, you know, water surfaces and other reflective things though, and were, unlike what we think today washing (not bathing or showering, but washing) in basins on a daily basis. So hazy is not quite the right word.
And because mirrors back then were backed with silver (hence why only the rich could afford them) and silver was considered a "pure" metal that could kill vampires, this was why vampires were thought to have no reflection. Or so I've read.
Had not heard this take on it before. Thank you.
Load More Replies...And you wouldn’t have what seems like a stranger staring back at you.
Load More Replies...1 Corinthians 13 contains a reference to the imperfection of ancient mirrors: "Now we see a poor reflection, as in a mirror: then we shall see face-to-face." Mirrors were made of highly polished metal both in Paul's time and in the middle ages.
My mother has a highly polished copper tray on the wall, it makes a lovely mirror
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It is believed that the invention of mechanical clocks originated from the tower clocks built in the region between Germany and Italy between 1270 and 1300.
Was going to make a snarky comment on the wording of this one, but now I'm going to spend 4 hours reading about the history of various clocks and clockmaking on wikipedia.
Monks needed to tell time to know when to pray. Matins (nighttime); Lauds (early morning); Prime (first hour of daylight); Terce (third hour); Sext (noon); Nones ninth hour); Vespers (sunset evening); Compline (end of the day)
Could also be Schweiz (Edit: Switzerland) or Lichtenstein... not to forget that Germany and Italy as well as the countries in between didn't exist then as we know them today. In general there was the Holy Roman Empire which included all those above mention states (at least to some extent).
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There were two main types of dances in medieval times. One was the farandole -- a line dance. It was danced with people holding hands, but the leader left their left arm free. The dancers moved in a winding labyrinth pattern, mainly clockwise, and the leader sometimes did other movements.
The other type, branle, was a side-to-side movement, and it was performed by partners, either in lines or circles, who alternated large sideways steps to the left with an equal number of smaller steps to the right.
I was going to be more expansive & say Europe. So they had conga lines back then already!
Load More Replies...Not accurate either. There were Pavanes and Galliards and country folk already danced differently. The more Christian the country ....
Yeah. This should say something like "In 'X' time frame, in 'Y' part of Europe, for 'Z' type of social event, the primary types of dances were..."
Load More Replies...I'd be really interested to hear about other countries dances from this time. In ireland we had our own typical folk dances, but were very much influenced by French dances, English and Italian too.
The Tower of London was initially designed to be a battlement, but it became a prison after King Henry I assumed the throne in 1100. One of his first acts was to order the arrest of Ranulf Flambard, the Bishop of Durham.
The Tower was, in medieval times, not just a prison; it was partly a prison. It was also a place were people lived and where the monarch spend the night before his/her coronation in sumptuous surroundings. High-born prisoners often had free roam of the Tower precincts and had servants and decent living quarters.
The first person imprisoned there escaped anyway. Flambard had been arrested for extorting the poor. He escaped by getting his guards drunk (inviting them to drink with him), and then climbing out of the window with a bedsheets rope.
Load More Replies...Towers were built as a refuge. If you look at pictures of TofL, the main door was several feet up the wall, so the steps could be destroyed to slow attackers.
No it wasn't. The Kray twins were the last prisoners at the tower, for dodging national service.
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People in the Middle Ages believed that bad weather could be caused by bad people who unalived others, got into incestuous relationships, started family quarrels, or simply performed other sins. Some also believed that bad weather could be caused by witches and sorcerers who aim to destroy crops.
In the US, we still have people who loudly blame every hurricane, wildfire, or eclipse on God being upset about gay people.
Well, those kind of people are just mad because we are happy!
Load More Replies...And now we have people who think the earth is flat, so, I guess people don't get smarter with time, education is necessary to combat stupidity.
People who unalived others - who talks like that in real life? This sounds almost orwellian.
Because BP will censor any other forms of the word.
Load More Replies...Bad weather could be a huge misfortune if it ruined crops (starvation!), so it's no wonder people got superstitious about what could cause it. The more awful something is seen to be, the more superstitious people get about warding it off...
And it was probably the best explanation they had at the time
Load More Replies...Hm, that might explain why the weather in the US has sucked recently.
It is an abomination in God's eyes....y'all just wait and see.
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During times of heightened anxiety about the plague, rogue practitioners sometimes sold counterfeit medical remedies. Some of these counterfeit remedies prevented sick people from seeking more beneficial help, and some of them were even poisonous.
"Counterfeit" implies that they were fake, imitations of 'real' remedies. In fact there were no effective treatments for the plague. Rogues they may have been, but it wasn't unique to the plague or the middle ages' "Snake oil" salesmen and 'patent' medicines were still very common until round a hundred years ago.
They still are. Just look at all the ridiculous Covid-19 "cures" spouted by anti-vaxers. Inject bleach!
Load More Replies...What Ace said is absolutely true and the Physicians were deadly. If you were Rich enough to have one. But Country healers, Wise Women Etc were much safer and better at what they did
That is how religion was developed - and still thrives today. Con artists
Load More Replies...Still happening a lot : homoeopathy is fake magic water (or often magic sugar crystals) that prevents people from seeking actual beneficial help
Watch TikTok or insta reels for a whole lotta this bullshittery.
Load More Replies...I tend to disbelieve any "in the middle gaes people did this"-posts on principle. First and foremost: the MA span a period of almost 1000 years (ca 500-1500). And things were vastly different from country to mcountry, century to century, ... So unless you say when, and where exactly something is supposed to have been "usual" it becomes practically impossible to fact-check it.
I tend to disbelieve any "in the middle gaes people did this"-posts on principle. First and foremost: the MA span a period of almost 1000 years (ca 500-1500). And things were vastly different from country to mcountry, century to century, ... So unless you say when, and where exactly something is supposed to have been "usual" it becomes practically impossible to fact-check it.
